Liver Glucose Levels
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What detects a change in glucose levels?
Like a decrease or increase in glucose levels, to stimulate a responce. Is it the Liver? Or some part of the brain?
Or is the pancreas?
There are two metabolites, or chemicals, in the blood whose levels need to be controlled within a narrow range and don’t need any fancy adjustments, so they are controlled by hormones that are regulated independant of the brain and nervous system in general. Blood sugar is one of these. Blood sugar (glucose) needs to be kept between about 3.8 and 5.8 millimoles per litre – that’s about 1 teaspoon (5 grams) dissolved in the 5 litres (the average persons blood volume). Too little (below 3.8) and nerve cells start running out of energy – they can’t use anything but glucose to make their energy, and they have high demands for energy. (If this starts to happen the person feels the lack as a condition known as a “hypo” – hypoglycemia – the prefix hypo meaning below normal). To much glucose in the blood and it starts to create osmotic imbalances, pulling water out of cells and collapsing them (cellular dehydration) and spontaneously binding to proteins and damaging them (glycosylation). All we need to do is try and keep blood glucose between 3.8 and 5.8 mmol/L and everything is fine. To do this there are two special cell types in the pancreas, that are found in little clusters of cells called Islets of Langerhans. One is a beta cell, and if blood sugar starts to rise, that cell directly senses the rise and secretes the hormone insulin. This stimulates body cells to absorb glucose from the blood, and use it for energy – or in the case of the liver and muscle tissue, absorb the glucose and store it in chains (glycogen) for future use. This brings the blood sugar down again to where it should be. If the blood sugar starts to fall another cell type called a alpha cell also in the pancreas islets senses that and secretes another hormone called glucagon, and this stimulates the liver in particular to release it’s stored glucose back into the blood, raising the blood glucose levels again.
A similar control system operates for blood calcium ion regulation using special cells in the thyroid and parathyroid glands that sense calcium ion levels in blood and secrete hormones to keep the calcium ion concentration around 2.5 mmol/L. Just about everything else in the body is regulated through the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord) where the levels can be modulated or adjusted (tweaked if you like) as conditions or requirements change for different reasons. Not so for glucose and calcium ion levels – we just want to keep them stable under all conditions, so hence the control system independant of the CNS.
How to Metabolize your Sugar level NATURALLY
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